Scientific theories are pure theoretical models integrated by a categorical scaffolding. Marx built a pure theoretical model that he called the capitalist mode of production; the historicity of its categories expresses the modes of production from which the capitalist comes and others that followed different paths. It also implies the existence of social formations in which a dominant mode of production and dominated forms of production coexist. The agrarian community is the highest form reached in the community entity and from (...) it comes the peasant economic unit generated in the parcelling of the land during the ancient form and gestation of capitalism, which is why the construction of a peasant mode of production does not proceed. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es teorizar el andamiaje integrado por las categorías de modos de apropiación de lo real, formas de la conciencia y contemplación estética, construida con referentes kantianos, hegelianos y marxistas. Con base en un esquema de investigación, los escritos más representativos fueron revisados y fichados en una base de datos; el fichero fue codificado y redactado el texto final. Se encontró que la conciencia individual se constituye con referentes de diferentes modos de apropiación de lo real (...) adquiriendo una forma determinada: empírica, mágico-religiosa, artística o teórica. A cada modo de apropiación corresponde una forma de conciencia y un determinado tipo de experiencia plena pero, la presencia de referentes de distintos modos de apropiación, permite que el mismo sujeto establezca experiencias de distinto tipo. (shrink)

Every theory is based on a rationality that implies a definition of reality (ontology) and its related epistemological definition; hence every theory perceives certain shapes and contents of reality different from one another. That perceived implies a certain way to construct knowledge, i.e., resear..

Las reflexiones académicas sobre la educación se han nutrido en múltiples ocasiones de conceptos de otras disciplinas o campos, de esta manera, el presente artículo explora el potencial simbiótico de los laboratorios remotos con la educación inclusiva a través de un rastreo de la literatura latinoamericana alrededor de estas categorías, así como de sus posibles usos didácticos, ya que, gracias a sus características interactivas y culturalmente flexibles, este encuentro conceptual se hace con el objetivo de fortalecer los procesos de emancipación (...) y empoderamiento social desde los grupos históricamente excluidos. (shrink)

Las formas y contenidos de los objetos reales sean estos naturales o sociales, depende más de la concepción ontológica del sujeto que del ser en sí, por lo que al existir múltiples racionalidades científicas, existen o pueden existir múltiples maneras de pensar y concebir teóricamente los objetos re..

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación es describir las diferentes maneras de concebir el paisaje. Para ello, fueron analizadas, fichadas y discutidas múltiples fuentes de información, seleccionándose los planteamientos más expresivos de la racionalidad teórica desde la cual el paisaje es concebido. Se encontró que, habiendo nacido el paisaje de la pintura de la Edad Media, hoy día es estudiado como representación artística por la estética, como geosistema por la geografía, como ecosistema por la ecología y como apropiación subjetiva del (...) territorio por la sociología, la antropología y la semiótica. Pero la experiencia paisajística contemplativa realizada predominantemente bajo formas estéticas no es una perspectiva suficientemente atendida a pesar de que, junto con la representación artística del paisaje, constituye la perspectiva más fidedigna del concepto de paisaje.: The objective is to describe different landscape approaches. To carry this out, multiple information sources were analysed, recorded and discussed, selecting the most expressive approaches of the theoretical rationality from which the landscape is conceived. It was found that having the painting landscape born in the Middle Ages, it is studied today by aesthetics as an artistic representation, as a geosystem by geography, as an ecosystem by ecology and as a subjective appropriation of the territory by sociology, anthropology and semiotics. However, the contemplative landscape experience was predominantly carried out under aesthetic form, but it is not a perspective sufficiently attended. Alongside with the artistic representation of the landscape, constitutes the most reliable perspective of the landscape concept. (shrink)

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación es describir las diferentes maneras de concebir el paisaje. Para ello, fueron analizadas, fichadas y discutidas múltiples fuentes de información, seleccionándose los planteamientos más expresivos de la racionalidad teórica desde la cual el paisaje es concebido. Se encontró que, habiendo nacido el paisaje de la pintura de la Edad Media, hoy día es estudiado como representación artística por la estética, como geosistema por la geografía, como ecosistema por la ecología y como apropiación subjetiva del (...) territorio por la sociología, la antropología y la semiótica. Pero la experiencia paisajística contemplativa realizada predominantemente bajo formas estéticas no es una perspectiva suficientemente atendida a pesar de que, junto con la representación artística del paisaje, constituye la perspectiva más fidedigna del concepto de paisaje.: The objective is to describe different landscape approaches. To carry this out, multiple information sources were analysed, recorded and discussed, selecting the most expressive approaches of the theoretical rationality from which the landscape is conceived. It was found that having the painting landscape born in the Middle Ages, it is studied today by aesthetics as an artistic representation, as a geosystem by geography, as an ecosystem by ecology and as a subjective appropriation of the territory by sociology, anthropology and semiotics. However, the contemplative landscape experience was predominantly carried out under aesthetic form, but it is not a perspective sufficiently attended. Alongside with the artistic representation of the landscape, constitutes the most reliable perspective of the landscape concept. (shrink)

The aim of this work is to argue that creativity is given in all forms of consciousness and that could open new perspectives in the research of the processes of formation of subjects. The most important result is that all the forms of consciousness have an enormous diversity of referents of the different modes of appropriation of the real, they are provided of imagination and critical capacity and only in the artistic consciousness creativity is condition for its existence. El objetivo (...) de este trabajo es argumentar que la creatividad se da en todas las formas de conciencia y que esto puede abrir nuevas perspectivas en la investigación de los procesos de formación de sujetos. El resultado más importante es que todas las formas de conciencia disponen de una enorme cantidad de referentes de diferentes modos de apropiación de lo real, están dotadas de imaginación y capacidad crítica y sólo en la conciencia artística la creatividad es condición para su existencia. (shrink)

La conciencia de un sujeto es condensación de la conciencia social del momento histórico de su constitución. La conciencia se forma con referentes de diversos modos de apropiación de lo real que se convierten en condición de incorporación de nuevos referentes, los cuales son traducidos a su lógica d..

Should the philosophy of biology deal with organismic, or with molecular aspects , or with both ? We are, of course, not the first to appreciate the ...

Francisco Valles, also known as ‘The Divine Valles’, was most probably the greatest Spanish physician of the Renaissance and succeeded Andreas Vesalius, whom he knew well, as the personal doctor of Philip II of Spain. Valles studied in Alcalá and wrote several works, among which the influential Controversiarum medicarum et philosophicarum. The importance of Valles’s contribution to the debate concerning the number, the specific tasks, and the localization of the internal senses in Aristotle and in Galen is attested by (...) Pedro da Fonseca’s appreciation of his contribution and by the relevance of Valles’s works to the study of the history of philosophy and of anatomy, in antiquity, in the Renaissance and in scholasticism. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza la tensión entre libertad y seguridad a partir de la crítica del uso del imaginario colectivo como forma de legitimar socialmente recortes de garantías y de libertades. Se clarifica qué noción de imaginario resulta pertinente para este uso, y se muestra cómo en lugar de un imaginario social, estamos ante un conjunto de imágenes funcionales al propio discurso del orden. La fuerza de las imágenes (“tolerancia cero”, fronteras, derecho penal del enemigo, visión cinematográfica del delincuente) permite la (...) aceptación colectiva de medidas restrictivas de derechos y de garantías en ámbitos como la política de inmigración o la reforma del código penal. Estas imágenes son analizadas a partir del paralelismo que mantienen con las metáforas del discurso económico (“mano invisible”, self made man). Frente a ese imaginario, alentado por intereses económicos y políticos basado en razones pragmáticas y difundido por los medios de comunicación de masas, se propone el uso de la imaginación política así como la construcción jurídica de binomios de valores más imaginativos. (shrink)

The Embodied Mind provides a unique, sophisticated treatment of the spontaneous and reflective dimension of human experience.

Convocada por diferentes estudiosos de los Padres de la Iglesia y del cristianismo antiguo en Latinoamérica, a saber, los profesores Ana Cristina Villa Betancourt, Andrés Mauricio Quevedo Rodríguez y Estiven Valencia Marín, de Colombia; Alejandro Nicola y Francisco Basttita-Harriet, de Argentina; Bruno Gripp, de Brasil; Pamela Chávez Aguilar, de Chile; y Jesús Ma. Aguiñaga Fernández, de México.

How can science be brought to connect with experience? This book addresses two of the most challenging problems facing contemporary neurobiology and cognitive science. Firstly, understanding how we unconsciously execute habitual actions as a result of neurological and cognitive processes that are not formal actions of conscious judgment but part of a habitual nexus of systematic self-organization. Secondly, attempting to create an ethics adequate to our present awareness that there is no such thing as a transcendental self, a stable subject (...) or soul. The author combines researches in cognitive science and phenomenology with two representatives of what he calls the 'wisdom traditions': Confucianism and Buddhist epistemology. (shrink)

My purpose in this article is to propose an explicitly naturalized account of the experience of present nowness on the basis of two complementary sources: phenomenological analysis and cognitive neuroscience. What I mean by naturalization, and the role cognitive neuroscience plays will become clear as the paper unfolds, but the main intention is to use the consciousness of present time as a study case for the phenomenological framework presented by Depraz in this Special Issue.

Trata de uma leitura do papel da tecnociência no que tange ao esvaziamento ético com o qual nos deparamos. Para tanto, vale-se das abordagens feitas por Jürgen Habermas e Hans Jonas. Neste sentido, opera com alguns conceitos fundamentais de ambos os teóricos, no que se refere ao tema posto. Do primeiro filósofo refletir-se-á acerca do esvaziamento dos significados do mundo da vida face ao caráter instrumentalizador que a razão assumiu após o iluminismo. Do segundo, analisar- se-á o vácuo ético operante (...) diante do poder que foi outorgado ao homem pela tecnociência. (shrink)

El Furry Fandom es una subcultura en torno al interés por animales o criaturas antropomórficas, pero apenas ha sido investigada su población hispanohablante, a pesar de la instigación de los medios de comunicación españoles reproduciendo estereotipos de los medios americanos. El artículo aborda cómo se construye la identidad furry en España y sus relaciones con la práctica del género (regulada sexualmente); así como el uso de jerga. El método consta de observación participante en foros y en entrevistas para análisis de (...) casos; lo cual permitió un análisis de contenidos diversos, repertorios interpretativos y un análisis crítico del discurso . Como conclusión, el furry fandom enmarca cuestiones feministas a partir de la metáfora del cyborg, tales como qué papel debe tener la ciencia, ideología sobre la naturaleza humana y la necesidad de coalición de identidades. (shrink)

Machines and Biology have been, since antiquity, closely related. From the zoological figures present in astronomical simulacra, through renaissance mechanical imitations of animals, through Decartes' wind pipe nerves, to present day discussions on the computer and the brain, runs a continuous thread. In fact, the very name of mechanism for an attitude of inquiry throughout the history of Biology reveals this at a philosophical level. More often than not, mechanism is mentioned in opposition to vitalism, as an assertion of the (...) validity of the objectivity principle in biology: there are no purposes in animal nature; its apparent purposefulness is similar to the purposefulness of machines. Yet, the fact that one picks machines as a set of objects comparable to living systems, deserves a closer look. What in machines makes it possible to establish such a connection? (shrink)

In a critique of Heidegger that respects his path of thinking, Francisco Gonzalez looks at the ways in which Heidegger engaged with Plato’s thought over the course of his career and concludes that, owing to intrinsic requirements of Heidegger’s own philosophy, he missed an opportunity to conduct a real dialogue with Plato that would have been philosophically fruitful for us all. Examining in detail early texts of Heidegger’s reading of Plato that have only recently come to light, Gonzalez, in (...) parts 1 and 2, shows there to be certain affinities between Heidegger’s and Plato’s thought that were obscured in his 1942 essay “Plato’s Doctrine of Truth,” on which scholars have exclusively relied in interpreting what Heidegger had to say about Plato. This more nuanced reading, in turn, helps Gonzalez provide in part 3 an account of Heidegger’s later writings that highlights the ways in which Heidegger, in repudiating the kind of metaphysics he associated with Plato, took a direction away from dialectic and dialogue that left him unable to pursue those affinities that could have enriched Heidegger’s own philosophy as well as Plato’s. “A genuine dialogue with Plato,” Gonzalez argues, “would have forced [Heidegger] to go in certain directions where he did not want to go and could not go without his own thinking undergoing a radical transformation.”. (shrink)

El presente artículo propone una lectura del Eutidemo de Platón a partir de la escena que tiene lugar en el prólogo del diálogo, en el cual un personaje misterioso critica a Sócrates y a los hermanos erísticos por la conversación que acaba de tener lugar. Defenderé que esta figura anónima esconde a Isócrates, quien en Contra los sofistas y Encomio de Helena había atacado a todos los discípulos de Sócrates por dedicarse a un tipo de actividad intelectual a su juicio (...) volcada a la pura disputa y sin utilidad para la vida cívica. Propondré que el Eutidemo constituye una respuesta a dicha crítica, en tanto que los dos modelos protrépticos de la obra le permiten a Platón distinguir su forma de emplear la dialéctica de la de otros de sus condiscípulos, principalmente los megáricos, así como sentar las bases de su proyecto filosófico-político fundado en el concepto de conocimiento. (shrink)

En este trabajo me propongo comparar el patrón argumentativo de los sofistas del siglo V a. C. tal como son retratados en la obra de Platón con el de los erísticos del _Eutidemo_. Defenderé que ninguno de estos sofistas es presentado por Platón como experto en dialéctica refutativa, actividad discursiva que caracteriza a la erística. Por el contrario, el retrato platónico de Pródico, Hipias, Gorgias y Protágoras los muestra como incapaces, desinteresados u hostiles a la argumentación de tipo dialéctica.

As it is well known, in the forties of the past century, Curry proved that in any logic S closed under Modus Ponens, uniform substitution of propositional variables and the Contraction Law, the naïve Comprehension axiom trivializes S in the sense that all propositions are derivable in S plus CA. Not less known is the fact that, ever since Curry published his proof, theses and rules weaker than W have been shown to cause the same effect as W causes. Among (...) these, the Contraction rule or the Modus Ponens axiom, for example, are to be noted. But, moreover, as Brady has proved, even the Generalized Modus Ponens axiom or the Generalized Contraction rule give rise to “Curry’s Paradox” under the same circumstances as W does. In some previous work by us, “weak relevant model structures” are defined on “weak relevant matrices” by generalizing Brady’s model structure MCL built upon Meyer’s Crystal matrix CL. We have proved that wr-ms only verify logics with the “depth relevance condition”. The aim of this paper is to show how to falsify gMPa and gRW in certain wr-ms. In particular, it will be shown that gMPa is falisfied in any wr-ms and gRW in any wr-ms verifying Routley and Meyer’s basic positive logic B+. (shrink)

RESUMEN Una interpretación extendida del Eutidemo sostiene que la práctica erística de la cual Platón busca distanciarse en el diálogo constituye una referencia velada a la dialéctica desarrollada por el socrático Euclides y sus seguidores megáricos. No obstante, los expertos reconocen que la segunda demostración erística pone en boca de Eutidemo y Dionisodoro dos posiciones que fueron defendidas por Antístenes, según las cuales no es posible decir falsedades ni contradecir. Este trabajo busca analizar las refutaciones de dicha sección y confrontarlas (...) con los testimonios sobre Antístenes a fin de evaluar hasta qué punto nos encontramos en presencia de los mismos argumentos. Defenderé que si bien las refutaciones del Eutidemo poseen una inspiración antisténica, principalmente respecto de las tesis que buscan sostener, las mismas se basan en una serie de supuestos ambiguos que responden más a los lineamientos de la práctica erística que a los fundamentos del pensamiento antisténico. Argumentaré, asimismo, que esta diferencia podría explicarse a partir del hecho de que el Eutidemo puede ser leído como una respuesta al Encomio de Helena de Isócrates, en donde este ataca a los socráticos por dedicarse a la erística y al desarrollo de doctrinas paradójicas, entre las cuales incluye las tesis de Antístenes. ABSTRACT A widespread interpretation of the Euthydemus claims that the Eristic practice from which Plato seeks to distance himself in the dialogue constitutes a veiled reference to the dialectics developed by the Socratic Euclid and his Megarian followers. However, experts acknowledge that the second Eristic demonstration puts two positions in the mouth of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus which were defended by Antisthenes, according to which it is not possible to say falsehoods nor to contradict. This work seeks to analyze the refutations of this section and compare them with the testimonies about Antisthenes in order to evaluate to what extent they are the same arguments. I will defend that although the refutations of the Euthydemus have an Antisthenic inspiration, mainly with respect to the theses they seek to support, these are based on a series of ambiguous assumptions that correspond more to the principles of Eristics than to the grounds of Antisthenic thought. I will also argue that the difference could be explained by the fact that the Euthydemus can be understood as a response to Isocrates ’ Encomium of Helen, where he attacks the whole Socratic circle for devoting to Eristics and to the development of paradoxical doctrines, including the theses of the Antisthesis. (shrink)

The study of Plato's dialogues has traditionally oscillated between two paradigms: one that portrays the dialogues as treatises expounding doctrines and one that sees them as purely skeptical, rhetorical, or literary. This collection of new essays by twelve noted Plato scholars illustrates the fruitfulness of breaking away from those paradigms, which have divided Platonic scholarship and led it to a number of dead ends. While the essays are diverse in their approaches, each seeks to find a 'third way' to understand (...) Plato, reading him as neither a dogmatist nor a skeptic but as a philosopher capable of reconciling the content and form of his writings. (shrink)

This work proposes an interpretation of Euthydemus 283c-288b taking into account the problem of the false in the Sophist. My hypothesis will be that the second eristic demonstration of the Euthydemus can be understood as a representation of Sophist 236d-239b: while in this passage there it is the Stranger is the one who states what the sophist would say to defend himself from the seventh definition, in which he is accused of producing falsehoods, in the Euthydemus two sophists are who (...) use the notions of non-being and falsehood to refute such accusation. The work has three parts. Firstly, I shall analyze Sophist 236d-239b and contextualize it within the framework of the seventh definition. Secondly, I focus on the characterization of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus as sophists. Finally, I analyze the three arguments that organize the second demonstration of the Euthydemus, trying to understand its structure and its role in the drama of the dialogue. (shrink)

The critic against subject-predicate propositions is a Russell’s feature. See for example A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz. However, in The Principles of Mathematics Russell goes back to the subject-predicate form but in the context of his contribuition to the development of Modern Logic and his philosophy of mathematics.

Bertrand Russell, in The Principles of Mathematicsand “Meinong’s Theory of Complexes and Assumptions”, maintains a unitary conception of the ontology of propositions. He makes a difference between judgment and proposition. Propositions are independent entities and they have different presentations. False propositions subsist; this is related to the relation in the proposition called “affirmation” and the double condition of predicates . But that conception has bad consequences for the unity and identity of proposition.

Everyone has heard of "the invisible hand," the famous metaphor used by Adam Smith (1723-1790) in The Wealth of Nations. Although he uses the expression only once in the book, it has given rise to controversy that has lasted for over two centuries. -/- The famous expression has been understood, in (at least) two very different ways. In one way by most of academia, and in a very different way by Keynes, Noah Chomsky and more lately by Mark Blaug (in (...) the second edition of The New Palgrave, 2008). -/- In the standard textbook interpretation, it is considered a poetical name for "the price mechanism" and presented as an argument in favor of laisser-faire and free trade. In this paper we recall the less well-known interpretation (of Keynes, Blaug and Chomsky), showing that Smith was more reserved towards laisser-faire than is commonly believed and that by "invisible hand" he did not mean the price mechanism. (shrink)

En este artículo se expone una reflexión desde la propuesta teórica de Charles Taylor sobre la construcción de la identidad individual como una narración social frente a la crítica de Amartya Sen, quien propone la identidad como resultado solo de la elección personal. Se argumenta que las criticas que Amartya Sen hace a los argumentos de Taylor son infundadas, ya que la perspectiva de Charles Taylor se centra más en el carácter fundamentalmente constructivo, narrativo y dialógico de la identidad que (...) en la pérdida de la libertad y la mera aceptación acrítica de la identidad asumida. Se concluye que la identidad como narración social desde la perspectiva teoría de Taylor sí da cabida a la capacidad de elegir de los individuos y a la consideración de las identidades múltiples y múltiples lealtades identitarias, pero se hace notar la importacia del contexto social y del grupo por encima de la elección personal en el momento en que una persona contruye su identidad, ya que les da valor a los bienes externos como la comunidad cultural y lingüística a la que la pertenece y que hacen posible la inteligibilidad y la narracción de lo que somos y de quiénes somos. This paper presents Charles Taylor's theoretical proposal of construction of identity confronted to the criticism of Amartya Sen who conceives identity as a result of personal choice. It is argued that the critiques that Amartya Sen makes to the arguments of Taylor are groundless given that the perspective of Charles Taylor focuses more on the fundamentally constructive nature of identity than on the loss of freedom and the mere uncritical acceptance of the assumed identity. Taylor's theory does has space for the ability to choose and the consideration of multiple identities but it draws attention to the importance of social and group context when a person builds his identity and it assigns a higher value to the external goods that define the way people live in contemporary societies, such as the cultural and linguistic community, than to personal choice. (shrink)

During the 1920s Heidegger gave no less than twelve seminars and lecture courses devoted either exclusively or in large part to the reading of Aristotle's texts. Seven of these, especially the smaller seminars for advanced students, have not been published and apparently will never be included in the Gesamtausgabe. My focus here is on the very first of these. Billed as a reading of Aristotle's De Anima, much of it was devoted to Aristotle's Metaphysics. This decision not to separate Aristotle's (...) “psychology” from his “ontology” is a key move of the seminar that anticipates the project of Being and Time. This and many other ways in which Heidegger's early reading of De Anima anticipates the key moves of the later book constitute one of the reasons for its importance. Another is that the seminar allows us to see what gets suppressed in Heidegger's reading of Aristotle, most significantly, the phenomenon of life itself in favor of an eventual focus on the being of human life or Dasein. This early seminar thus enables us not only to better understand Heidegger's project, but also to raise some fundamental questions concerning it. (shrink)